LEO LAW PORTAL

TOPIC 1-1  Sources of Law

• TLO 1-1-1  Classify the sources of law in the United States.
• TLO 1-1-2  Explain the difference between statutory law and common law.

TOPIC 1-2  Hierarchy of Law

• TLO 1-2-1  Order the sources of law based on superiority.
• TLO 1-2-2  Explain the supremacy rules for each source of law.

TOPIC 1-3  Role of Policy

• TLO 1-3-1  Explain the relationship between law and policy.

TOPIC 2-1 Components of the U.S. Constitution

• TLO 2-1-1 Describe the organization of the U.S. Constitution.
• TLO 2-1-2 Explain the organization and powers of the United States government as established in the first three articles of the U.S. Constitution.

TOPIC 2-2 The Bill of Rights and Law Enforcement

• TLO 2-2-1 Explain how the Bill of Rights directly governs law enforcement action.
• TLO 2-2-2 Describe how the rights recognized in the First Amendment impact law enforcement action.
• TLO 2-2-3 Describe how the rights recognized in the Second Amendment impact law enforcement action.
• TLO 2-2-4 Describe how the rights recognized in the Fourth Amendment impact law enforcement action.
• TLO 2-2-5 Describe how the rights recognized in the Fifth Amendment impact law enforcement action.
• TLO 2-2-6 Describe how the rights recognized in the Sixth Amendment impact law enforcement action.
• TLO 2-2-7 Describe how the rights recognized in the Eighth Amendment impact law enforcement action.

TOPIC 2-3 The Fourteenth Amendment and Law Enforcement

• TLO 2-3-1 Explain the incorporation doctrine.
• TLO 2-3-2 Identify the rights in the Bill of Rights incorporated under the Fourteenth Amendment relating to law enforcement action.
• TLO 2-3-3 Explain how the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment governs law enforcement action.

TOPIC 3-1 The Fourth Amendment

• TLO 3-1-1 Explain the historical development of the rights protected by the Fourth Amendment.
• TLO 3-1-2 Describe the two components of the Fourth Amendment.

TOPIC 3-2 The “Reasonableness” Requirement

• TLO 3-2-1 Explain the primacy of the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment.
• TLO 3-2-2 Describe the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment.

TOPIC 3-3 The Warrant Clause

• TLO 3-3-1 Explain the requirements imposed by the Warrant Clause of the Fourth Amendment.
• TLO 3-3-2 Explain the importance of the particularity requirement in the Warrant Clause of the Fourth Amendment.

TOPIC 3-4 The Levels of Certainty

• TLO 3-4-1 Order the levels of certainty as they relate to one another.
• TLO 3-4-2 Define probable cause.
• TLO 3-4-3 Explain the methods of establishing probable cause.
• TLO 3-4-3 Describe how reasonable suspicion relates to probable cause.

TOPIC 3-5 The Exclusionary Rule

• TLO 3-5-1 Explain the historical development of the exclusionary rule.
• TLO 3-5-2 Identify the purpose of the exclusionary rule.
• TLO 3-5-3 Explain the operation of the exclusionary rule.
• TLO 3-5-4 Explain the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree doctrine.
• TLO 3-5-5 Explain the impact that Fourth Amendment decisions have on subsequent Fourth Amendment decisions regarding the same event.
• TLO 3-5-6 Describe the Leon Good Faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

TOPIC 4-1 Privacy Intrusion Search

• TLO 4-1-1 Explain the privacy intrusion definition of a search as provided in Katz v. United States.
• TLO 4-1-2 Explain the Knowing Exposure Doctrine as used by the Supreme Court to determine the reasonableness of the expectation of privacy.
• TLO 4-1-3 Explain the General Public Use Doctrine as used by the Supreme Court to determine the reasonableness of the expectation of privacy.
• TLO 4-1-4 Explain the Third-Party Doctrine as used by the Supreme Court to determine the reasonableness of the expectation of privacy.

TOPIC 4-2 Physical Trespass Search

• TLO 4-2-1 Explain the physical intrusion definition of a search as provided in United States v. Jones.
• TLO 4-2-2 Explain the search of a person under the physical intrusion definition of a search.
• TLO 4-2-3 Explain the search of a dwelling under the physical intrusion definition of a search.
• TLO 4-2-4 Explain the concept of curtilage as it relates to Fourth Amendment searches.
• TLO 4-2-5 Explain the search of an effect under the physical intrusion definition of a search.

TOPIC 5-1 Seizure of a Place

• TLO 5-1-1 Describe the conditions that constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure of a place.

TOPIC 5-2 Seizure of a Physical Object

• TLO 5-2-1 Describe the conditions that constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure of a physical object.

TOPIC 5-3 Seizure of a Person

• TLO 5-3-1 Describe the conditions that constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure of a person.
• TLO 5-3-2 Explain the methods of effectuating a Fourth Amendment seizure of a person.

TOPIC 6-1 Search Warrants

• TLO 6-1-1 Explain the Fourth Amendment requirements for a search warrant application in Florida.
• TLO 6-1-2 Explain the Fourth Amendment requirements for search warrant execution in Florida.
• TLO 6-1-3 Explain the requirements for an anticipatory search warrant.

TOPIC 6-2 Arrest Warrants

• TLO 6-2-1 Explain the Fourth Amendment requirements for an arrest warrant application. 
• TLO 6-2-2 Explain the Fourth Amendment requirements for arrest warrant execution.

TOPIC 7-1 Terry Frisks

• TLO 7-1-1 Explain the purpose of a Terry Frisk.
• TLO 7-1-2 Explain the requirements and limitations when conducting a Terry Frisk of a person.
• TLO 7-1-3 Explain the requirements and limitations when conducting a Terry Frisk of a container.

TOPIC 7-2 Exigent Circumstances

• TLO 7-2-1 Explain the operation of the destruction of evidence exigent exception.
• TLO 7-2-2 Explain the operation of the emergency aid exigent exception.
• TLO 7-2-3 Explain the operation of the hot pursuit exigent exception.

TOPIC 7-3 The Automobile Exception

• TLO 7-3-1 Explain the operation of the automobile exception.

TOPIC 7-4 Consent Searches

• TLO 7-4-1 Explain the requirements for valid consent to search.
• TLO 7-4-2 Explain the legal rules regarding joint authority.
• TLO 7-4-3 Explain apparent authority to consent to a search.

TOPIC 7-5 Property Inventories Under the Community Caretaking Exception

• TLO 7-5-1 Explain the operation of the Community Caretaking Exception.

TOPIC 7-6 Search Incident to Arrest

• TLO 7-6-1 Explain the purposes for the search incident to arrest (SIA) exception.
• TLO 7-6-2 Explain the limitations of the SIA of a person.
• TLO 7-6-3 Explain the limitations of the SIA of a container.
• TLO 7-6-4 Explain the limitations of the SIA of an automobile

TOPIC 7-7 The Knock and Talk Exception

• TLO 7-7-1 Explain the operation of the knock and talk exception. 

TOPIC 7-8 Vehicle Checkpoints

• TLO 7-8-1 Explain the requirements and limitations of the vehicle checkpoint exception. 

TOPIC 7-9 Buie Protective Sweeps

• TLO 7-9-1 Explain the operation of the automatic sweep under Maryland v. Buie.
• TLO 7-9-2 Explain the operation of the extended protective sweep under Maryland v. Buie.

TOPIC 8-1 Investigative Detention (Terry Stop)

• TLO 8-1-1 Explain the requirements and limitations of the investigative detention.

TOPIC 8-2 Special Needs Detentions

• TLO 8-2-1 Explain the requirements and limitations of the Summers detention.
• TLO 8-2-2 Explain the requirements and limitations of detaining vehicle passengers.
• TLO 8-2-3 Explain the limitations regarding the detention of witnesses.
• TLO 8-2-4 Explain the limitations regarding the detention of a person for their own safety.

TOPIC 8-3 Plain View Seizure

• TLO 8-3-1 Explain the operation of the plain view seizure exception.

TOPIC 8-4 Plain Touch Seizure

• TLO 8-4-1 Explain the requirements for making a plain touch seizure.

TOPIC 8-5 Traffic Stops

• TLO 8-5-1 Explain the development of the traffic stop exception.
• TLO 8-5-2 Explain the requirements for making a valid traffic stop.
• TLO 8-5-3 Explain the scope limitations that apply to a traffic stop.
• TLO 8-5-4 Describe the mission-related activities associated with a traffic stop.
• TLO 8-5-5 Explain the method and requirements of terminating a traffic stop.

TOPIC 8-6 Warrantless Arrests

• TLO 8-6-1 Discuss the common law rule of law regarding warrantless arrests.
• TLO 8-6-2 Distinguish between the requirements for making a warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor and a felony.

TOPIC 9-1 Fifth Amendment Self-Incrimination Rights

• TLO 9-1-1 Explain the scope of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.

TOPIC 9-2 Miranda Rights Advisement Requirement

• TLO 9-2-1 Discuss the components of the Miranda rights advisement.
• TLO 9-2-2 Determine when the Miranda rights advisement is required to be given.
• TLO 9-2-3 Explain what constitutes “custody” for Miranda purposes.
• TLO 9-2-4 Explain what constitutes “interrogation” for Miranda purposes.
• TLO 9-2-5 Discuss the “known LEO” requirement for Miranda purposes.

TOPIC 9-3 Rights Waiver and Invocation Issues

• TLO 9-3-1 Describe the requirements for a valid Miranda waiver.
• TLO 9-3-2 Explain the requirements for invoking each Miranda right.
• TLO 9-3-3 Describe the LEO actions that must be taken upon invocation of a right.
• TLO 9-3-4 Explain the requirements for post-invocation reapproaches.
• TLO 9-3-5 Distinguish the Sixth Amendment right to counsel from Miranda.

TOPIC 9-4 Miranda Rights Advisement Exceptions

• TLO 9-4-1 Explain the public safety exception to the Miranda warning requirement.
• TLO 9-4-2 Explain the routine booking questions exception to the Miranda warning requirement.

TOPIC 9-5 Statement Suppression

• TLO 9-5-1 Explain the conditions under which a statement will be suppressed as a result of a Miranda violation.

TOPIC 10-1 The Use of Force as a Fourth Amendment Issue

• TLO 10-1-1 Explain the development of the use of force as a constitutional standard.
• TLO 10-1-2 Explain the constitutional use of force under the Graham v. Connor standard.
• TLO 10-1-3 Explain the constitutional requirements for the use of deadly force.
• TLO 10-1-4 Explain the constitutional requirements for the use of intermediate force.

TOPIC 10-2 De-escalation and Force Prevention

• TLO 10-2-1 Discuss the various tactics that can be used to prevent or de-escalate the use of force situations.

TOPIC 10-3 Restricted Use of Force Tactics

• TLO 10-3-1 Discuss the most common statutory or policy restrictions on use of force tactics.

TOPIC 10-4 The Duty to Intervene and Report

• TLO 10-4-1 Explain the legal requirements for the duty to intervene.
• TLO 10-4-2 Explain the various sources of the duty to report.

TOPIC 10-5 The Duty to Render Medical Aid

• TLO 10-5-1 Explain the legal requirements for the duty to render medical aid.

TOPIC 10-6 Use of Force in Crowd Control

• TLO 10-6-1 Explain the legal restrictions on the use of force for crowd control.

TOPIC 10-7 Crisis Response and Intervention

• TLO 10-7-1 Explain the special considerations when dealing with people in crisis.

TOPIC 11-1 Federal Civil Liability

• TLO 11-1-1 Describe the basis of federal civil liability under 42 USC 1983.
• TLO 11-1-2 Explain the legal requirements for qualified immunity in federal civil actions brought under 42 USC 1983.

TOPIC 11-2 Federal Criminal Liability

• TLO 11-2-1 Explain federal criminal liability for law enforcement officers under 18 USC 241.
• TLO 11-2-2 Explain federal criminal liability for law enforcement officers under 18 USC 242.

TOPIC 12-1 Authority and Jurisdiction

• TLO 12-1-1 Explain the basis of statutory authority for law enforcement officers in Florida.
• TLO 12-1-2 Describe the subject matter and territorial jurisdiction restrictions for law enforcement officers in Florida.
• TLO 12-1-3 Explain the requirements and restrictions on Fresh Pursuit from one jurisdiction to another in Florida.

TOPIC 12-2 Giglio Impeachment Material and “Brady Lists”

• TLO 12-2-1 Explain the significance of law enforcement officer impeachment information and the consequences of being placed on a “Brady List.”

TOPIC 12-3 Due Process Obligations

• TLO 12-3-1 Explain the disclosure requirements of law enforcement officers under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.
• TLO 12-3-2 Explain the due process requirements for line-ups, photo arrays, and show-ups.

TOPIC Constitutional Auditors

• TLO 12-4-1 Describe the different methods of constitutional auditing.
• TLO 12-4-2 Explain how to respond when confronted by a constitutional auditor.

TOPIC 12-5 Courtroom Testimony

• TLO 12-5-1 Describe how to properly prepare to provide courtroom testimony.
• TLO 12-5-2 Describe the proper demeanor for an LEO while on the witness stand.
• TLO 12-5-3 Explain the proper technique for responding on cross-examination.

Topic 13-1 The ICP Constitutional Policing Model

Topic 13-2  Constitutional Legality

Topic 13-3  Constitutional Legitimacy